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Chapter 9:
Covalent Bonding
9.1 The Covalent Bond ( sharing )
why the bond, covalent ( single, double and triple bonds ), Lewis structures, bond strength, molecule, sigma bond, pi bond p , exothermic, endothermic
9.2 Naming Molecules
binary, common names, acids, binary acids, oxyacids, writing formulas from names
9.3 Molecular Structures
structural formulas, resonance structures, coordinate covalent bond exceptions to the octet rule: Helium, Beryllium, Boron
9.4 Molecular Shape
VSEPR Model, hybridization
9.5 Electronegativity and Polarity
bond character, polar covalent bonds, properties of covalent compounds, covalent network solids, electronegativity difference δ + δ -, non-polar
Section 9.1 The Covalent Bond
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Section 9.2 Naming Molecules
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Section 9.3 Molecular Structures
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Section 9.4 Molecular Shape
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Section 9.5 Electronegativity and Polarity
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Section 9.1 The Covalent Bond
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Section 9.2 Naming Molecules
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Section 9.3 Molecular Structures
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Section 9.4 Molecular Shape
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Section 9.5 Electronegativity and Polarity
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Section 9.1 The Covalent Bond
Standard 2 a - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: Atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons t form covalent or metallic bonds, or by exchanging electrons to form ionic bonds
Students Will be able to:Describe and compare various bonding relationships including ionic, covalent, metallic bonding. Book Reference Pages: 241-247
Standard 2 b - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: Chemical bonds between atoms in molecules such as H2, CCH4, NH3, H2CCH2, N2 Cl2, and many large biological molecules are covalent.
Students Will be able to:Give examples of various covalently bonded molecules. Book Reference Pages: 242-247
Standard 2 e - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: How to draw Lewis dot structures
Students Will be able to:Given the electron configuration, draw Lewis dot structures. Book Reference Pages: 243, 244
Standard 7 b - Chemical Thermodynamics
View Standard 7 State Standard: Chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic) thermal energy.
Students Will be able to:Through experimentation they will recognize the difference between exothermic and endothermic heat changes. I&E (12A): Select and use appropriate tools and technology (such as computer-linked probes, spreadsheets and graphing calculators) to perform tests, collect data, analyze relationships, and display data. Book Reference Pages: 247
Standard 10 b - Organic and Biochemistry
View Standard 10 State Standard: The bonding characteristics of carbon lead to a large variety of structure ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules.
Students Will be able to:Make models of simple organic compounds. I&E (12G): Recognize the use and limitations of models and theories as scientific representations of reality. Book Reference Pages: 244, 245
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Section 9.2 Naming Molecules
Standard 5 a - Acids and Bases
View Standard 5 State Standard: The observable properties of acids, bases and salt solutions.
Students Will be able to:Differentiate the observable properties of acids, bases and salt solutions. Book Reference Pages: 250
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Section 9.3 Molecular Structures
Standard 2 a - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: Atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons t form covalent or metallic bonds, or by exchanging electrons to form ionic bonds
Students Will be able to:Describe and compare various bonding relationships including ionic, covalent, metallic bonding. Book Reference Pages: 257
Standard 2 e - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: How to draw Lewis dot structures
Students Will be able to:Given the electron configuration, draw Lewis dot structures. Book Reference Pages: 252-258
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Section 9.4 Molecular Shape
Standard 2 f - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: How to predict the shape of simple molecules and their polarity from Lewis dot structures
Students Will be able to:Draw simple molecules and predict polarity and shape. Book Reference Pages: 259-262
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Section 9.5 Electronegativity and Polarity
Standard 2 e - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: How to draw Lewis dot structures
Students Will be able to:Given the electron configuration, draw Lewis dot structures. Book Reference Pages: 267
Standard 2 f - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: How to predict the shape of simple molecules and their polarity from Lewis dot structures
Students Will be able to:Draw simple molecules and predict polarity and shape. Book Reference Pages: 264, 265, 266
Standard 2 g - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: How electronegativity and ionization energy relate to bond formation
Students Will be able to:Determine type of bonding from electronegativity values and ionization energy values. Book Reference Pages: 263-267
Standard 2 h - Chemical Bonds
View Standard 2 State Standard: How to identify solids and liquids held together by Van der Waals forces to volatility and boiling/melting point temperatures.
Students Will be able to:Describe how hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces effect physical properties such as boiling point, melting point, and volatility Book Reference Pages: 266, 267
Standard 12 l - Investigation and Experimentation
View Standard 12 State Standard: Analyze situations and solve problems that require combining and applying concepts from more than one area of science.
Students Will be able to:Book Reference Pages: 264
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- Understanding Molecular Geometry - wksht : Worksheet used with our old Zumdahl text, concepts of electrons effect on shapes of molecules Std 1
- Ionic vs covalent bonding: Animation compares ionic bonds and then covalent bonds
- Ionic vs covalent bonding: Animation compares ionic bonds and then covalent bonds
9.2 Naming Molecules
● You enter name of compound, you get formula. You put in formula, it gives you name of compound. Visit Site
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Bond Energy Tables
● About.com: Chemistry - bond energy table - single bonds only Visit Site
● Bond length vs bond energy Visit Site
● bond energies ionic, triple cov., dbl cov., single cov. compared, also table of common bond energies Visit Site
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Bonding
● Bonding (Ionic vs covalent bonding). On this page, go to Ch 8, and select the ChemTour called "Bonding" - Animated and interactive. (WW Norton) Visit Site
● Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonding (2 applets on same page, one below the other) - both are excellent (Kent Chem) Visit Site
● 3-types of bonding video - ionic (0-8:20), covalent (8:20-24:24), metallic (24:24-29) - (Kent Chem 29 min) Visit Site
● Bonding - 3 tyypes, interactive applet for review - questions w immediate feedback (Washington State) Visit Site
● Video from MahanChem showing the difference between polar bonds vs polar molecules. If you like his style, go to YouTube.com/mahanchem and search his channel for "covalent". He has 5 videos that may all be of worth for Ch 9 Visit Site
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Hybridization
● Covalent pi bonds forming - animation (You Tube) Visit Site
● Hybridization - pi and sigma bond formation, relates hybrids to molecular shape - lecture (excellent) Visit Site
● Hybridization - animation of bonding showing change of shape of orbitals during bond formation. No audio (U-Tube vid) Visit Site
● Hybridization - applet animation, interactive showing sp up to sp3d2 & how shape changes (McGraw-Hill) Visit Site
● sp, sp2, and sp3 hybrids form in interactive animation (U Calgary) Visit Site
● orbital diagrams merging as hybrids form (animation - U of Calgary) Visit Site
● Each type of hybrid orbital we study has interactive animation showing normal orbitals merging & the resultant bond angles (McGraw-Hill) Visit Site
● Interactive models of different hybridizations sp, sp2 , and sp3 interacive to form each (USC) Visit Site
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Lewis Structures
● Lew structure tutorial from McGraw Hills shows how to draw Lewis structures for individual atoms and for covalent compounds Visit Site
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VSEPR - Molecular Geometry
● Molecular Geometry video (Kent Chem 29 min) Visit Site
● VSEPR - animation showing bond angles changing as atoms (or unshared pairs) are added to central atom Visit Site
● VSEPR - Flash animation, compares 4 basic geometries of atoms around central atoms, great side-by-side comparisons Visit Site
● Gallery of Molecules - inorganic, organic, & lots more Visit Site
● Build molecules in 3-D using animation from PhET. Shows bond angles, shapes, and you can build over and over. Wonderful Visit Site
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Wigger Vids
● Lewis Structures of covalent Molecules for beginners - Part 1. This is the first of 3 tutorials on beginners Lewis Structures of covalent molecules. This tutorial shows the details of you how to draw Lewis structure for water (H2O). Visit Site
● This is the 2nd of 3 tutorials on beginners Lewis Structures of covalent molecules. This tutorial shows the details of you how to draw Lewis structures for Fluorine (F2) and ammonia (NH3). Visit Site
● This is the 3 part of my tutorial. You will see a detailed explanation of drawing the Lewis Structure for Methane (CH4), and the simple rules used to figure out if your Lewis Structure is correct. Visit Site
● In this video you will learn how to draw a Lewis Structure for a simple molecule. I use a chart to help you remember this method. Visit Site
● Video directions for a HW assignment using an interactive applet that trains you on differences between Covalent and Ionic Bonds Visit Site
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